There are 2 general types of radiation used for sterilization, ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is the use of short wavelength, high-intensity radiation to destroy microorganisms. This radiation can come in the form of gamma or X-rays that react with DNA resulting in a damaged cell. Non-ionizing radiation uses longer wavelength and lower energy. As a result, non-ionizing radiation loses the ability to penetrate substances, and can only be used for sterilizing surfaces. The most common form of non-ionizing radiation is ultraviolet light, which is used in a variety of manners throughout industry.
One industrial application of non-ionizing radiation is the breakdown of ozone (O3). By adding ozone to water, bacteria are unable to sustain life. Unfortunately, ozone also destroys process media. Therefore ozone must be broken down so water can be used for its designated purpose. Since ozone is very sensitive to ultraviolet light, pass the water stream under UV bulbs. This breaks the oxygen-oxygen bonds and results in safe process water. Here is a simple representation of the system.
- Advantages:
- No degradation of media during sterilization, thus it can be used for thermally labile media
Leaves no chemical residue
Administration of precise dosage and uniform dosage distribution
Immediate availability of the media after sterilization
- Disadvantages:
- This method is a more costly alternative to heat sterilization
Requires highly specialized equipment