**TI85** Program file dated 12/22/98, 16:35PDchemDBìoé- AP Chemistry Notesoé-Version 2.1, c. 1998né-oé- ¼½ ndy SchechÈeroâoàB1oìoé-1. Polyatomic Ionsoé-2. Periodic Tableoé-3. Gasesoé-4. Oxidation Statesoé-5. Endo. & Exo.oé-6. Molecular ShapesoLD5/-exit/4A5/D1/-pick/4A1/D3/-next/4A3/D4/-help/4A4/D2/-prev/4B2oàA3oìoé-7. Bondsoé-8. Solutionsoé-9. Nuclear & Wavesoé-10. Atomic Structureoé-11. HeatoLD5/-exit/4A5/D1/-pick/4A1/D3/-next/4B2/D4/-help/4A4/D2/-prev/4B1oàB2oìoé-12. Don't choose!oLD5/-exit/4A5/D1/-pick/4A1/D3/-next/4B1/D4/-help/4A4/D2/-prev/4A3oàA1oæ3KoìoØ3KPD1oÙoé-Polyatomic Ions:oé-C2 H3 O2 1 acetateoé-C2 O4 2 oxalateoé-Cl O 1 hypochloriteoé-Cl O2 1 chloriteoé-Cl O3 1 chlorateoé-Cl O4 1 perchlorateoâoé-C N 1 cyanideoé-C O3 2 carbonateoé-Cr O7 2 dichromateoé-Cr O4 2 chromateoé-Mn O4 1 permanganateoé-N H4 +1 ammoniumoé-N O2 1 nitriteoâoé-N O3 1 nitrateoé-O H 1 hydroxideoé-P O3 3 phosphiteoé-P O4 3 phosphateoé-H S O3 1 bisulfiteoé-S O3 2 sulfiteoé-S O4 2 sulfateoâoáQB1oÞoØ3KPD2oÙoé-Periodic Table:oé-- metals on leftoé-- nonmetals on rightoé-- metalloids: B,Si,Asoé- Ge,Te,Al,Sb,etc.oé-atomic #= #poé-mass #= #p + #noâoé-Factors that affect:oé-1. main energy levelsoé-2. e from diff. orb.oé-3. paired or unpairedoé-4. Z(eff)=nuc. chargeoâoáQB1oÞoØ3KPD3oÙoé-Gases:oé-P=n*R*T/V=D*R*T/mwoé-R=62.4 mmHg L/mol Koé-R=.0821 atm L/mol Koé-R=8.31 J/mol Koé-v=(3*R*T/mw)oé-t2/t1=(mw1/mw2)oâoé-Ideal Gases:oé-- mols. have no vol.oé-- mols. don't attractoé-- boiling point= 0Koé-- real P < ideal Poé-- real V > ideal Voé-(P+na/V)(V-nb)=nRToâoáQB1oÞoØ3KPD4oÙoé-Oxidation States:oé-Fe,Co,Ni +2,+3oé-Sn,Pb,Pt +2,+4oé-Hg,Cu +1,+2oé-Au,Tl +1,+3oé-Mn +2,+3,+4,+7oé-Cr +2,+3,+6oâoáQB1oÞoØ3KPD5oÙoé-Endothermic Reactionsoé--up in PE (s~l~g)oé--absorbs heatoé--stronger bondsoé--¾H pos. (on left)oâoìoé-Exothermic Reactions:oé--down in PE (g~l~s)oé--releases heatoé--weaker bondsoé--¾H neg. (on right)oâoáQB1oÞoØ3KPD6oÙoé-Shapes:oé-X+E=2 linear 180oé-X+E=3 trig plane 120oé-X+E=4 tetrahed. 109.5oé-X+E=5 trig bipyramidoé-X+E=6 octahedraloâoé-X3 E1 trig pyramidoé-X4 E1 see-sawoé-X3 E2 T-shapeoé-X5 E1 sqr pyramidoé-X4 E2 sqr planaroé-- X+E=# hybridsoâoáQB1oÞoØ3KPD7oÙoé-Bonds:oé-ln P=¾Hv/(R*T)+ln Aoé-ln P vs. 1/T linearoé- m=¾Hv/Roé-- high vp=weak bondoé-net.: SiC,SiO2,C(g,d)oâoé-Stronger forces when:oé-dispersion: more eoé-dipole: more eoé-H-bonds: N,O,Foé-metallic: charge densoé-ionic: F=kQ1Q2/roé-network: very strongooâoáA3oÞoØ3KPD8oÙoé-Solutions:oé-- solute=dissolveeoé-- solvent=dissolveroé-n=M*Voé-m=n solute/kg solventoé-T(b) H2O=100+m*.52Coé-T(f) H2O=-m*1.86CoâoáA3oÞoØ3KPD9oÙoé-Nuclear & Waves:oé-alpha=»=4n,2p=Heoé-beta=¼=0n,0p,1eoé-gamma=½=0n,0p,0eoé-E=mc=¾mc=B/noé-B=13.6 eV=1312 kJ/moloé-c=38 m/s=317 nm/soâoé-h=6.6334 J/photonoé-h=3.9913 kJ/moloé-v=Âf=c in vacuumoé-E=hf=hc/Âoé-Â=h/m*v=h/poé-KE=E(photon)-E(thr.)oâoáA3oÞoØ3KPD10oÙoé-Atomic Structure:oé-- Lyman=level 1=UVoé-- Balmer=level 2=vis.oé-- Paschen=level 3=IRoé-- paramag=unpaired eoé-QN1=main energy leveloé-QN2=orbital=Loâoé- - s=0,p=1,d=2,f=3oé-QN3=magnetic - #=2L+1oé- - s=0,p=1,0,1,d=...oé-QN4=spin=1/2,1/2oâoáA3oÞoØ3KPD11oÙoé-Heat:oé-q=mc¾T=C¾Toé-¾H=kJ/mol=enthalpyoé-¾H=¾E-W=¾E+¾nRToé-P¾V=¾nRT=W=-¾E+qoé-- W+ =done on systemoé-- ¾H+ =absorbs heatoâoé-R=.00831 kJoé-¾H=ƾHf prod-ƾHf rctoé-¾H=ƾE(b)oé-- bond broken, ¾E+oé-¾S=q/T=ÆS prod-ÆS rctoé-no entrapy:oé- 0K, perfect crystaloâoé-spontaneous:oé- ¾S(sys) > q(sys)/Toé- ¾S(sys)+¾S(surr) > 0oé- ¾G < 0, K > 1oé-¾G=¾H-T¾S=R*T ln Koé-¾G=ƾG prod-ƾG rctoé-¾G=¾G+RT ln KoâoáA3oÞoØ3KPD12oÙoé-You've disobeyed!oáAA5oÞoé-Bad number!oâoáB1oàA4oìoëD1/D1/-If you want help, youbetter beg!oâoáQB1oàA5ñ