History of Labor and Industry in New York's Hudson-Mohawk Region

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History and Industry of New York State's
Hudson-Mohawk Region

Research Bibliography: History of Labor, Industry and Technology

Compiled by Sloane D. Bullough and John D. Bullough
(Last updated September 30, 1999)

2. HISTORY OF LABOR, INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY

Adams, Scarritt. "The Miracle that Saved the Union." American Heritage 27 1 (December 1975): 72-81.

Describes the construction of the ironclad warship Monitor, including arrangements by Troy financiers and the rolling of the plates in Troy foundries.

Anonymous. Hudson River and the Hudson River Rail-Road. Astoria: J. C. and A. L. Fawcett, Inc., 1851.

A description of each of the cities and towns along the Hudson River Railroad's train route in the mid-1800s.

Anonymous. The Industries of the City of Albany: A Resume of Her Past History and Progress. Albany: Elstner Publishing Company, 1889.

Summarizes the industry and economic conditions of the City of Albany in the late 1800s.

Anonymous. The Industrial Advantages of Troy, NY and Environs: Cohoes, Waterford, Lansingburgh, Green Island and West Troy. Rochester: James P. McKinney, E. H. Lisk, 1895.

Describes opportunities for industrial development in the HudsonMohawk area.

Anonymous. History of Troy Water Works, Troy, New York. Troy; 1971.

Describes the history of the water supplier for the City of Troy.

Anonymous. "Worker City, Company Town [review of book by Daniel Walkowitz]." Archiv fr Sozialgeschichte 23 (1983): 531.

Reviews Walkowitz's book about worker life and organization in Troy and Cohoes; in German.

Bayley, Charles A. D. An Investigation to Determine the Cost of Development and Electrical Transmission of the Water Power of the Lower Falls of the Poestenkill [undergraduate thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1900.

A technical and engineering description of potential uses of hydroelectric power in Troy.

Bielinski, Stefan. "A Middling Sort: Artisans and Tradesmen in Colonial Albany." New York History 73 3 (July 1982).

Describes the work and lifestyles of craftsmen and other skilled workers in Albany in the 1600s and 1700s.

Birdsall, James W. Review of the Howe Truss Rail Road Bridge, Over the Poestenkill at Troy, N.Y. [topographical engineering thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1860.

Describes engineering aspects of a railroad bridge in Troy.

Bodnar, J. "Worker City, Company Town: Iron and Cotton Worker Protest in Troy and Cohoes, New York, 185584 Walkowitz, D. J. [book review]." Journal of Social History 13 4 (1980).

Review of Walkowitz's history of Troy's iron industry and Cohoes's textile industry.

Boewe, Charles. "[Constantine Rafinesque's travels along the Erie Canal.]" Names 10 (1962): 58-60.

Field naturalist Rafinesque's meeting and friendship with Amos Eaton of Troy's Rensselaer School is described.

Breiner, Charles L. A Study of the Troy Collar Starchers' Union in the Early Twentieth Century: And the Impact of the 1905 Collar Starchers' Strike on the Troy Working-Class Community and the Collar Industry. Albany: C. L. Breiner, 1991.

Describes the employment conditions of the women collar workers in Troy during the early 1900s and the factors that led to the development of the labor movement among these workers.

Brown, Carol. "Book Review: Working Women of Collar City: Gender, Class, and Community in Troy, 1864-86 by Carole Turbin." Work and Occupations 21 2 (May 1994): 217- 218.

Review of Turbin's book on women textile workers.

Bryce, L. M. Design of a New Plant for the Ross Valve Manufacturing Company [bachelor's thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1943.

Engineering plans for a valve manufacturing plant in Troy.

Carbonell, Carlos F. Review of the Overshot Water Wheel of the Messrs. Burden and Company at Troy, N.Y. [civil engineering thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1875.

A technical and engineering description of the Burden Water Wheel in Troy.

Carroll, P. Thomas. "Designing Modern America in the Silicon Valley of the 19th Century." Rensselaer (March 1999).

The growth of industry and technology in Troy and the rest of the Hudson-Mohawk region is described.

Clawson, Mary Ann. "Working Women of Collar City: Gender, Class, and Community in Troy, 1864-86 Turbin, C. [book review]." Contemporary Sociology 22 (September 1993): 672.

Review of Turbin's book on women textile workers, focusing on the diversity of working women's experiences in nineteenthcentury Troy.

Coogan, Timothy C. The Forging of a New Mill Town: North and South Adams, Massachusetts, 1780-1860 [Ph.D. dissertation]. New York University, 1992.

Compares the industrial society of Adams with that in other cities, including Lowell, Cohoes, Pawtucket and Chicopee.

Corwin, Elbert F. The Design for a Proposed Hydraulic Laboratory on the Poestenkill for Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute [master's thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1934.

Describes plans for a facility to study water power along the Poestenkill in Troy.

Cox, Abraham B. Review of the Over Shot Wheel of Messrs. H. Burden and Sons [civil engineering thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1867.

Engineering and technical information about the famous Burden Water Wheel in Troy.

Crosby, Horace. Review of the Hydraulic Motor of the Messrs. Burden, Troy Iron Works [civil engineering thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1862.

An engineering description of the water wheel used to power the Burden Iron Works.

Deal, Elvin A. Review of the Congress Street Stone Arch Bridge Over the Poestenkill Creek at Troy, N.Y. [civil engineering thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1882.

An engineering description of a bridge in Troy.

DeKay, James T. Monitor: The Story of the Revolutionary Ship and the Men Whose Invention Changed the Course of History. New York: Walker and Company, 1997.

Describes the history of the famous ironclad warship Monitor, whose metal plates were manufactured in Troy.

Delaware and Hudson Company. Freight, Passenger and Work Equipment Development: The First 100 Years. Society of Freight Car Historians, 1989.

Details the development of the railroad industry in and around the City of Troy.

DeVault, Ileen A. "Working Women of Collar City: Gender, Class, and Community in Troy, 1864-86 by Carole Turbin [book review]." Reviews in American History 22 4 (December 1994): 620-625.

Review of Turbin's book on women textile workers.

Di Santo, Victor J. The Streetcar Workers of Albany, 1900-1921: The Union Era [Ph.D. dissertation]. State University of New York at Binghamton, 1994.

Describes the formation and development of the local streetcar workers' union in North Albany, one of the most powerful in the nation at the time.

Douglass, Elisha P. "The Origins of the American Business Corporation, 1784-1855 [review of book by Ronald E. Seavoy]." American Historical Review 88 (February 1983): 180.

Describes the creation and development of corporations in nineteenthcentury New York State, including the role of the Albany Regency political machine.

Echeverria, Juan F. Review of the Overshot Water Wheel at the Burden Iron Company's Works, Troy, N.Y. [civil engineering thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1885.

Describes engineering aspects of the Burden Water Wheel in Troy.

Field, P. F. "Working Women of Collar City: Gender, Class, and Community in Troy, New York, 1864-86 by Carole Turbin [book review]." Choice 30 7 (March 1993): 1231.

Review of Turbin's book on women textile workers.

Ford Green Island Plant. The Island: 65 Years of Pride. Troy: United Auto Workers, Local 930, 1988.

The automobile industry and history of labor unions in Green Island is discussed.

Gabin, N. F. "Working Women of Collar City: Gender, Class, and Community in Troy, 1864-86 Turbin, C. [book review]." American Historical Review 99 1 (February 1994): 305306.

Review of Turbin's book on women textile workers.

Gamber, W. "Working Women of Collar City: Gender, Class, and Community in Troy, 1864-86 Turbin, C. [book review]." Journal of American History 80 4 (March 1994): 1482 1483.

Review of Turbin's book on women textile workers.

Gilmore, Glenda E. "Working Women of Collar City: Gender, Class, and Community in Troy, 1865-86 by Carole Turbin [book review]." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 536 (November 1994): 183 184.

Review of Turbin's book on women textile workers.

Goodall, David J. New Light on the Border: New England Squatter Settlements in New York During the American Revolution [Ph.D. dissertation]. Albany: State University of New York, 1984.

The movement of New Englanders into eastern New York State, and especially Columbia County, is described.

Greenberg, B. "Worker City, Company Town: Iron and Cotton Worker Protest in Troy and Cohoes, New York, 185584 Walkowitz, D. J. [book review]." Journal of American History 66 4 (1980).

Review of Walkowitz's history of Troy's iron industry and Cohoes's textile industry.

Greenberg, Brian. Worker and Community: Response to Industrialization in a Nineteenth-Century American City, Albany, New York, 1850-1884. State University of New York Press, 1985.

Describes worker life as industrialization in Albany rose.

Greene, John C. American Science in the Age of Jefferson. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1984.

Early American efforts at science in the region are described, including the work of geologist-botanist Amos Eaton at Troy's Rensselaer School.

Go, J. "Inventing Industrial Accidents and Their Insurance: Discourse and Workers' Compensation in the United States, 1880s1910s." Social Science History 20 3 (Fall 1996): 401438.

Describes the development of policies that required compensation for workrelated injury during the late 1800s.

Issel, W. "Worker City, Company Town: Iron and Cotton Worker Protest in Troy and Cohoes, New York, 185584 Walkowitz, D. J. [book review]." Journal of American Studies 14 2 (1980).

Review of Walkowitz's history of Troy's iron industry and Cohoes's textile industry.

Jaffe, Abram J. Benefits, Incomes and Expenditures of Unemployed Workers: Experience of a Group of Unemployment Insurance Beneficiaries in Albany-Schenectady-Troy: Spring 1957. New York: New York State Department of Labor, 1958.

Contains the results of a survey of area unemployed workers.

James, Mary Ann. Elites in Conflict: The Antebellum Clash Over the Dudley Observatory. Rutgers University Press, 1987.

Describes turmoil during the first years of the Dudley Observatory in Albany.

Kacharian, John C. Watervliet Arsenal: Yesterday, Today. Watervliet: Acme Press, 1984.

A photographic history of the Watervliet Arsenal.

Kantayya, Anandarao G. Design for an Automatically Controlled Hydroelectric Plant to be Located on the Poestenkill, Troy, N.Y. [master's thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1930.

Engineering plans for a water power plant along the Poestenkill in Troy.

Knight, Margaret. "Preserving the Past." Rensselaer (June 1994): 4-6.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Fixman Archives, containing many important historical records about science and technology, are described.

Laurie, B. "Worker City, Company Town: Iron and Cotton Worker Protest in Troy and Cohoes, New York, 185584 Walkowitz, D. J. [book review]." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 2 (1980).

Review of Walkowitz's history of Troy's iron industry and Cohoes's textile industry.

Lawton, Edward P. Design for the Development of the Water Power of the Poestenkill at Troy, N.Y., 16700 Horsepower. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1916.

Describes engineering aspects and plans for a water power plant in Troy.

Ledes, Allison Eckardt. "A Nineteenth-Century Cabinetmaker in Troy, New York." Magazine Antiques 147 5 (May 1995):650.

Describes an exhibition of the work of Elijah Galusha, a furniture maker in the 1800s.

Leibach, Tracy. "Troy: A Birthplace of America's Industrial Revolution." Rensselaer (September 1993): 27.

Several contributions of Troy to America's industrial development are listed.

Licht, W. "Worker City, Company Town: Iron and Cotton Worker Protest in Troy and Cohoes, New York, 185584 Walkowitz, D. J. [book review]." Journal of Urban History 7 2 (1981).

Review of Walkowitz's history of Troy's iron industry and Cohoes's textile industry.

Lord, Philip L. Mills on the Tsatsawassa: A Case Study. Albany: New York State Department of Education, 1983.

Describes waterpowered mills and water power technology along the Tackawasick Creek in Rensselaer County.

Malecki, Maryanne. Children of Industry, Parents of Hope: Immigrant Settlement in Albany, New York 1830-1920. Albany: Albany County Hall of Records, 1994.

A workbook for school teachers containing information, lesson plans, and facsimile documents about immigrant labor in Albany and the surrounding region.

McAllister, Ethel. Amos Eaton: Scientist and Educator, 1776-1842. Philadelphia, 1941.

Describes the life and work of the region's Amos Eaton.

McCartin, Joe. "Worker and Community [review of book by Brian Greenberg]." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 40 (April 1987): 464.

Reviews Greenberg's book on nineteenthcentury worker life in Albany, New York.

McHugh, Jeanne. Alexander Holley and the Makers of Steel. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.

Describes the making of steel uising the Bessemer process in Troy.

Morrison, Wayne E. Old Established Jones and Company: Troy Bell Foundry. Ovid: W. E. Morrison and Co., 1984.

Description of a bell manufacturer in Troy.

Murray, David. Industrial and Material Progress, Illustrated in the History of Albany: Annual Address Before the Albany Institute. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Company, 1880.

Describes the nineteenthcentury development of industry and business in Albany.

Neu, Irene D. "Worker and Community [review of book by Brian Greenberg]." Journal of American History 73 (September 1986): 476.

Reviews Greenberg's book on nineteenthcentury worker life in Albany, New York.

Newton, Steven. "Walter A. Wood." Working People 2 3 (October-November 1986).

Biographical information about Wood, who founded the Walter A. Wood Mowing and Reaping Company in Hoosick Falls.

New York State Public Employees Federation, AFL-CIO. Kate Mullaney: A True Labor Pioneer. Albany: New York State Public Employees Federation, AFL-CIO, 1998.

Biographical information about labor pioneer Kate Mullany who started the first successful women's labor union in the United States in Troy.

Organ Historical Society. Upper Hudson Valley Mini- Convention Handbook, August 3-6, 1997. Round Lake: Round Lake Historical Society, 1997.

Describes the manufacture and working of several important historical organs in the region, including several in Rensselaer County.

Parr, Joy. "Working Women of Collar City: Gender, Class, and Community in Troy, 1864-86 Turbin, C. [book review]." Journal of Economic History 53 3 (September 1993): 698 700.

Review of Turbin's book on women textile workers.

Pecke, Francis S. Review of Overshot Wheel at Burden's Iron Works, Troy [C.E. thesis]. Lehigh University, 1875.

Describes engineering aspects of the Burden Water Wheel in Troy.

Pierce, J. H. Fire on the Hearth: The Evolution and Romance of the Heating Stove. Springfield: Pond-Ekburg, 1951.

A survey of the development of cooking and heating stoves including those manufactured in Troy.

Pierce, Morris A. The Introduction of Direct Pressure Water Supply, Cogeneration, and District Heating in Urban and Institutional Communities, 1863-1882 [Ph.D. dissertation]. University of Rochester, 1993.

Describes the underground water and heating supply systems for cities, including Troy, developed by Birdsall Holly after the Civil War.

Procter, Mary and William Matuszeski. Gritty Cities: A Second Look at Allentown, Bethlehem, Bridgeport, Hoboken, Lancaster, Norwich, Paterson, Reading, Trenton, Troy, Waterbury and Wilmington. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1978.

Case studies of twelve northeastern industrial cities, including Troy, are presented.

Proudfit, Margaret B. Henry Burden, His Life and a History of His Inventions Compiled from the Public Press. Troy: Pafraets Press, 1904.

A biography and history of Burden Iron Works founder Henry Burden.

Prude, J. "Worker City, Company Town: Iron and Cotton Worker Protest in Troy and Cohoes, New York, 185584 Walkowitz, D. J. [book review]." Labor History 22 2 (1981).

Review of Walkowitz's history of Troy's iron industry and Cohoes's textile industry.

Ranney, Marcus H. Review of the Stone Arch Crossing the Poestenkill Creek at Congress Street, Troy [civil engineering thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1885.

An engineering description of an arch bridge in Troy.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Historical Library and Museum of Science and Technology, Founded December 1955. Troy: Hiland G. Batcheller, Jr. Memorial Foundation, 1956.

Describes the Hiland G. Batcheller, Jr. Memorial Library of science and technology at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

RiverSpark. Champions of Labor: The History of Working People and the Beginning of the American Labor Movement. Cohoes: HudsonMohawk Urban Cultural Park Commission, 1989.

Describes the significance of the Hudson Mohawk region in labor history of the United States.

Robinson, Arthur W. An Investigation to Determine a More Economical Use of the Water Power of the Poestenkill [civil engineering thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1897.

An engineering study to look at the potential for hydroelectric power from the Poestenkill in Troy.

Roche, Alfred Emmett. Design for the Development of the Water Power of the Wynantskill, at Troy, N.Y. and its Electrical Transmission to the Burden Iron Company at Troy, N.Y. [undergraduate thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1907.

Describes engineering aspects of providing electrical power to the Burden Iron Works in Troy.

Rose, Sonya O. "Working Women of Collar City: Gender, Class, and Community in Troy, 1864-86 by Carole Turbin [book review]." Signs 20 2 (Winter 1995): 448.

Reviews Turbin's book in the context of other books on gender and the labor movement in the United States and abroad.

Ross, S. "Worker City, Company Town: Iron and Cotton Worker Protest in Troy and Cohoes, New York, 185584 Walkowitz, D. J. [book review]." International Labor and WorkingClass History 21 (1982).

Review of Walkowitz's history of Troy's iron industry and Cohoes's textile industry.

Schoolman, Morton and Alvin Magid, eds. Reindustrializing New York State: Strategies, Implications, Challenges. State University of New York Press, 1986.

Essays on industrial decline in Albany and elsewhere, acid rain, and government policies.

Schurter, William J. The Development of the Russian System of Tool Instruction (1763-1893) and its Introduction Into U.S. Industrial Education Programs (1876-1893) [Ph.D. dissertation]. College Park: University of Maryland, 1982.

Compares the Russian model of engineering education, which included handson working with tools, with the highly theoretical engineering education available at American schools such as Rensselaer.

Simpson, M. "Worker City, Company Town: Iron and Cotton Worker Protest in Troy and Cohoes, New York, 185584 Walkowitz, D. J. [book review]." History 65 215 (1980).

Review of Walkowitz's history of Troy's iron industry and Cohoes's textile industry.

Sloan, Robert I. A Review of the Howe Truss Railroad Bridge over the Poestenkill at Troy, N.Y. [civil engineering thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1859.

Describes the engineering aspects of a railroad bridge in Troy.

Smith, Bruce C. John Augustus Griswold and the Development of Bessemer Steelmaking in the United States, 1818-1872 [Ph.D. dissertation]. University of Notre Dame, 1991.

Details the career of Troy steelmaker and mayor John Griswold.

Steinberg, Allen. "Worker and Community [review of book by Brian Greenberg]." Business History Review 61 (Autumn 1987): 491.

Reviews Greenberg's book on nineteenthcentury worker life in Albany, New York.

Stevens, Edward W. The Grammar of the Machine: Technical Literacy and Early Industrial Expansion in the United States. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.

Describes education at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and at Emma Willard School in the nineteenth century, and its relation to industrial development.

Stott, Peter. "The Knickerbocker Ice Company and Inclined Railway at Rockland Lake, New York." Journal of the Society for Industrial Archaeology 5 1 (1979): 7- 18.

Described the operations of the Knickerbocker Ice Company, including a storage facility in Rensselaer County.

Stowell, David O. The Struggle of City Streets: People, Railroads and the Great Strikes of 1877 [Ph.D. dissertation]. State University of New York at Buffalo, 1992.

Describes the causes and effects of the "great strikes" of 1877 in Albany, Buffalo and Syracuse, as well as the differences among each city's striking populations.

Sweeny, F. R. J. The Burden Water-Wheel. Washington: Society for Industrial Archeology, 1973.

A brief description of the Burden Iron Works water wheel and its history.

Tarr, Joel A. "A Note on the Horse as an Urban Power Source." Journal of Urban History 25 3 (March 1999): 434- 448.

The use of horses in industry and transportation is described, including mention of a horse- powered excavation shovel invented in Troy.

Turbin, Carole. "And We Are Nothing But Women: Irish Working Women in Troy." In Women of America: A History (C. Berkin and M. B. Norton, eds.). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972.

Describes early efforts of women to organize into labor unions in Troy.

Turbin, Carole. "Reconceptualizing Family, Work and Labor Organizing: Working Women in Troy, 1860-1890." Review of Radical Political Economics 16 1 (1984): 1- 16.

Describes the factors that contributed to the organization of women textile workers in Troy.

Turbin, Carole. Working Women of Collar City: Gender, Class, and Community in Troy, New York, 1864-86. University of Illinois Press, 1992.

Describes conditions and history of working women, especially members of the Collar Laundry Union, the first women's trade union in the United States.

Tuttle, Frank W. Investigation of the Poestenkill Creek as a Source of Water-Supply for the City of Troy [civil engineering thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1878.

An engineering study of the use of water from the Poestenkill for purposes within Troy.

Uselding, Paul J. "Henry Burden and the Question of Anglo-American Technological Transfer in the Nineteenth Century." Journal of Economic History 30 2 (1970): 312.

Describes technological developments in iron making developed by Henry Burden in Troy.

Vogel, Robert M. "Building in the Age of Steam." In Building Early America: Contributions Toward the History of a Great Industry [Charles E. Peterson, editor]. Radnor, 1976.

The invention in Troy of a horse-powered excavation shovel is described.

Waite, John G. and Diana Waite. "Stove Manufacturers, Troy, New York." Antiques Magazine (January 1973).

Details the makers of cast iron stoves, and their products, in the Troy area.

Walkowitz, Daniel J. "Statistics and the Writing of Workingclass Culture: A Statistical Portrait of the Iron Workers in Troy, New York, 1860-1880." Labor History 15 3 (Summer 1974).

Describes the history and lives of Troy iron workers in the late 1800s.

Walkowitz, Daniel J. Worker City, Company Town: Iron and Cotton-Worker Protest in Troy and Cohoes, New York, 1855-84. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1978.

Describes the differences in workers' lives between people in ironmanufacturing Troy and textile manufacturing Cohoes.

Walkowitz, Daniel J. "Worker and Community [review of book by Brian Greenberg]." American Historical Review 91 (December 1986): 1275.

Reviews Greenberg's book on nineteenthcentury worker life in Albany, New York.

Wells, John. "Early Investigations of the Devonian System in New York, 1656-1836." Special Papers of the Geological Society of America 74 (1974).

An overview of the work of early regional geologists including that of Amos Eaton.

Wicks, Frank. "The Blacksmith's Motor." Mechanical Engineering 121 7 (July 1999): 66-69.

The invention of the rotating electric motor by Thomas Davenport, including his interactions with Amos Eaton and Stephen Van Rensselaer of the Rensselaer School in Troy, is described.

William S. Kline and Company. Troy, New York: Illustrated and Descriptive. Troy: Regal Art Press, 1909.

Photographs and descriptions of industries and businesses in Troy.

Winder, Gordon M. "The North America Manufacturing Belt in 1880: A Cluster of Regional Industrial Systems or One Large Industrial District?" Economic Geography 75 1 (January 1999): 71-92.

The supply networks of the Marcus Filley stove manufacturer in Troy are described in the context of industrial districts in North America during the late 19th century.

Wordan, Charles A. Design for the Improvement of the Poestenkill Creek for Purpose of Securing to the City of Troy, N.Y. Power for Arc Lighting and Commercial Purposes [undergraduate thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1904.

Describes engineering plans for a water power plant along the Poestenkill to provide electricity for the City of Troy.

Yeager, Frederick A. Review of a Stone Arch Bridge Over the Poestenkill, 3rd Street, Troy, N.Y. [civil engineering thesis]. Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1878.

Description of the engineering aspects of a Troy bridge.