Midterm

Intro to AI Show (Su 97)
Selmer Bringsjord

Question 1. Russell and Norvig move from the situation calculus to the event calculus because the former has trouble representing

a

discrete actions

b

single agents

c

multiple agents

d

the wumpus world

e

none of the above

Question 2. Suppose that and a = b are in KB . In standard first-order logic

a

True

b

False

Question 3. Consider the following Lisp function.

(defun predp (o)

(or (symbolp o)

(characterp o)

(numberp o)

(packagep o)))

This is a predicate function that tests for Lisp objects that Shapiro calls

a

lists

b

elements

c

mapping functions

d

generic functions

e

none of the above

Question 4. Without special treatment, mental objects create a problem for AI as described in the R&N text because standard first-order logic is

a

undecidable

b

referentially transparent

c

referentially opaque

d

compact

e

none of the above

Question 5. Selmer's objection to N&R's approach to mental objects is that

a

strings are contradictory

b

beliefs aren't generally about strings

c

their approach goes beyond standard first-order logic

d

they don't use modal logic

e

none of the above

Explain the objection in no more than 3 sentences. (Write neatly on this sheet.)

Question 6. Let be the substitution {x/Tina, y/Charlie}. And suppose that

is in KB . What rule of inference can be used to establish

a

reductio ad absurdum

b

paramodulation

c

existential introduction

d

universal elimination

e

none of the above

Question 7. Suppose that you type

> (setf iai-students '(mary bill jane henry ralph))

to Lisp. Given that the function

(defun obnoxious-ais-inp (roster)

(cond ((null roster) nil)

((eql 'ralph (first roster)) t)

(t (obnoxious-ais-inp (rest roster)))))

has been defined, typing

> (obnoxious-ais-inp iai-students)

will return

a

T

b

NIL

c

an error message

d

a stack overflow warning

e

none of the above

Question 8. Suppose that KB includes the information in the blocks world grid for Selmer's World (shown on our web site). (So the knowledge base in question contains all formulas that can be observed from this grid.) Suppose that the following formula is added to this knowledge base.

Then KB .

a

true

b

false

Question 9. Which of the following first-order formulas could represent ``Alma's mother loves all maternal grandparents," where ``L(x,y)' stands for ``x loves y."

a

b

c

d

e

none of the above

Question 10. Given that the function

(defun fn (r d e) (cons (list d r (first e)) (rest e)))

has been defined, typing (fn '* 34 '(5 - 6 * 8 * 8)) will return what?

a

-214

b

an error message

c

(8 * 8 * 6 - (34 * 5))

d

((34 * 5) - 6 * 8 * 8)

e

none of the above

Question 11. Consider the following sentence in the propositional calculus. Is it valid?

a

Yes

b

No

Question 12. Given the following information, could an agent with the reasoning power of the propositional calculus prove that the unicorn is mythical? How about magical? Horned?

If the unicorn is mythical, then it is immortal, but if it is not mythical, then it is a mortal mammal. If the unicorn is either immortal or a mammal, then it is horned. The unicorn is magical if it is horned.

a

Yes, No, Yes

b

Yes, Yes, Yes

c

No, No, No

d

No, Yes, Yes

e

none of the above

Question 13. Suppose that KB for an agent trying to thrive in the wumpus world contains the following 10 facts:

K1

K2

K3

K4

K5

K6

K7

K8

K9

K10

Consider the following part of a proof, carried out by an agent with KB .

Which rule of inference is used here?

a

And-Elimination

b

Or-Elimination

c

Modus Ponens

d

Unit Resolution

e

none of the above

Question 14. A propoent of AI would probably not be all that impressed with Deep Blue's performance.

a

Strong

b

Weak

Question 15. What are the operators in R&N's approach to the 8-puzzle?

a

the blank moves in 4 directions

b

a tile moves in 4 directions

c

a row moves up or down

d

a column moves right or left

e

none of the above

Question 16. That first-order logic is complete amounts to which of the following statements?

a

If KB then KB

b

If KB then KB

c

If KB and KB then KB

d

If KB and KB then KB

e

none of the above

Question 17. What is the most general unifier for the following pair of sentences.

• Knows(Father(y),y)
• Knows(x,x)

a

{y/John, x/John}

b

{y/x}

c

{y/John, x/y}

d

{y/x, x/y}

e

none of the above

Question 18. Here is a formula in first-orderlogic:

This formula corresponds to what English sentence, given that `` " means ``x loves y"?

a

Someone loves everyone.

b

Everyone loves someone.

c

No one loves everyone.

d

There is someone everyone loves.

e

none of the above

Question 19. A proof procedure based on generalized modus ponens is not complete (among other reasons) because there is no Horn form representation of formluas like

a

b

True

c

d

False

e

all of the above can be put in Horn form

Questions 20-23. (The following four questions are related to problem 3.16 in the book.) The artificial agent SEEK operates as follows. It perceives a sequence of postive integers, generated by some sequence function f(n), and then predicts the next number in the sequence. For example, the sequence {1, 2, 4, 8, } -- given to SEEK, we assume, at random -- might result in the prediction 16, based on the view that in this case. Let's suppose that the space of possible functions consists of all expressions built from the elements 1 and n, and the functions and exponentiation. Suppose that the program for SEEK has been written in Common Lisp, so that

> (seek '(1 2 4 8))

16

(exp (+ 1 1) n)

20. Recall the breakdown of environments in terms of whether they are

• accessible
• deterministic
• episodic
• static
• discrete

Mark the correct Yes/No sequence for these categories and SEEK, respectively.

a

No, No, Yes, Yes, Yes

b

Yes, No, No, Yes, No

c

Yes, No, No, Yes, Yes

d

Yes, No, Yes, Yes, Yes

e

none of the above

21. In PAGE description of SEEK, the G would be

a

predicting

b

searching the space

c

sequencing

d

finding the underlying function

e

none of the above

22. Suppose that an agent IQ, incorporating both SEEK and the program ANALOGY discussed in the R&N text, has the ability to score 200 on any and all IQ-tests given it. Take a stand as to whether IQ's arrival would mean that AI had truly succeeded. Defend your position in two paragraphs, relating what you say to the reading.

23. How long would it take Ralph to produce the Common Lisp code that brings SEEK to life?

a

less time than any human

b

a fraction of a nanosecond

c

a fraction of the time it would take Selmer

d

a fraction of the time it would take ``Junior"

e

all of the above

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