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Solution to Gödelian Puzzle and tex2html_wrap_inline34
a new one

Selmer Bringsjord

Question 1: Is it possible that the machine can print all true sentences? No.

Here is a true sentence that the machine cannot print:

tex2html_wrap_inline36 : tex2html_wrap_inline38

Question 2: How can it be proved that tex2html_wrap_inline36 is true but can't be printed?

Proof. tex2html_wrap_inline36 is true iff the mirror of tex2html_wrap_inline44 cannot be printed. So either tex2html_wrap_inline36 is true and not printable, or false and printable. The second possibility violates the assumption that the machine tex2html_wrap_inline48 tex2html_wrap_inline50 never prints false sentences. Thus tex2html_wrap_inline36 is true but unprintable. QED

Questions 3 & 4: What about tex2html_wrap_inline54 -- can it be printed? Why?

This sentence is false since its negation -- tex2html_wrap_inline36 -- is true. Since it's false, it cannot, by hypothesis, be printed by tex2html_wrap_inline48 tex2html_wrap_inline50 .

Now, replace our alphabet with

displaymath62

and identify natural numbers with their correlates in binary notation.

To each expression we assign the Gödel number of the expression. We do this according to the following scheme:

tabular17

The mirror of an expression tex2html_wrap_inline70 is the expression tex2html_wrap_inline70 followed by its Gödel number. A sentence is an expression having one of the following four forms (where tex2html_wrap_inline74 is any number): tex2html_wrap_inline76 , tex2html_wrap_inline78 , tex2html_wrap_inline80 , tex2html_wrap_inline82 .

Naturally, tex2html_wrap_inline76 is true iff tex2html_wrap_inline74 is the Gödel number of a printable expression, tex2html_wrap_inline78 is true iff tex2html_wrap_inline74 is the Gödel number of an expression whose mirror is printable, and so on.

Question 1: Given once again that our machine never prints a false sentence, is there a true sentence the machine cannot print? If so, what is it?





Selmer Bringsjord
Tue Jul 1 23:32:41 EDT 1997