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The Helium Flashс HtЪЧ`3 л5├)╔ Helium Main Sequence ы (рRed Giantс) ▒ЪЧ`4 уHelium burns in core ўЪЧ`5 уHydrogen burns in рshellс кЪЧ`6 кЪЪ ХЪЧ`7 л╔ Helium depleted in core ЪЧ`8 уUU*Core shrinks and Radius increases (again) "ЪЧ`- к ?ЪЧ`. л#╔ Nuclear reactions come to a stop H\ЪЧ`9 у5┼-Atmosphere blows off: шрPlanetary Nebulaс AyЪЧ`/ вч шWhite Dwarf у remains HHт┬5▄R⌡D inHHт┬lЪПUQQ┤s od5║S≥&UUу╔ HHт┬5╒T⌡SHHт┬jni`* кU`0 эteLimits of Stellar Mass `,;`1 к a TX`: щs 'How big can a star be? How small? d Tu`; кs Ч▓`= чрT%Maximum mass limited by рmass lossс: ╞`> к M9╔ The Sun loses 1 с0 т-14 с кM зSUN к/year mл`A сЪЧ$ч < 0.01% кlost on Main Sequence heИ`? к66╔ O-stars lose 1 с0 т-6 с кM зSUN к/year `B сUU,ч ╩ кfew с% к lost on Main Sequence ЪЧ#`C ъ >╔ M Ю╩100 ъM АSUN ъ Юч ~50% ъ lost during рlifeс @`@ ЮAt!ч ъExposed core, violent life N]`M ФрWolf Rayet Starsс Dwz`D к ≈`E ч⌡*Minimum mass limited by hydrogen burning: Є`F кSmall mass ┤я`G с%ч кLow central temperature T зc Н`H сч к PP Chain canуt start T⌡`I к (`J ыni1Find: ъ M Ю>0.1 ъM АSUN ъ is necessary E`K к0 eb`L Гr )Note: M ХJUPITER И=0.001 ГM ХSUN HHт┬5єU⌡Sml?HHт┬lЪПRXTT┤e!d5бV≥M╔ XXж14сHHт┬5цW⌡VЧч HHт┬>in`? к6Xse`< эSInterpreting the C`\ э HR Diagrams of Clusters inf`N к ┐`O к10)Color-Magnitude HR Diagrams tell you the g═`P к, ыDistance к Ф(Last Weekуs Studio) Ґ`Q крW/and ыAge ъ к Ф(This Weekуs Studio) з`R кmuof star clusters. В`S к `^ кl s1`T чGMeasuring the Age: al N`U к k W Гч/Assumption: All stars in the cluster formed at ┬@W Гnithe same time. >0.╔`Y кis cб V у1What is the highest mass (or most luminous) star Rъ@V уSon the Main Sequence? Э`Z в/ч уThis star is just about to leave the MS. `[ в!*ч уThe cluster age is the (calculated) 6`X уlifetime of this kind of star! HHт┬5еX⌡VHHт┬lЪПU[WW┤d6 Y≥[[вluerHHт┬6Z⌡YO10HHт┬0ia[D`] эkуSynthesis of the Elements ;`_ к X`` Буs*The Big Bang created Hydrogen and Helium. u`a к S▓`b у/Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, iron, ... ? ge:╞`c кU л`d лW"These were manufactured in stars! И f к 0Nuclear reactions (other than hydrogen burning) @f к8are possible Цif the temperature is high enough к. st#`g кV S@`h ыen Examples: ]`m ыу sz`i Дt M4 ъHe Ю+ Д4 ъHe Ю+ Д4 ъHe Ю ў Д12 ъC Ю+ Еenergy t≈`j ДX<12 ъC Ю+ Д4 ъHe Ю ў Д16 ъO Ю+ Еenergy 5еЄ`k Д=16 ъO Ю+ Д4 ъHe Ю ў Д20 ъNe Ю+ Еenergy я`p ъ Н`l ы;... ъuntil you reach ы ЕA Ю=56 ы ъ(рironс). 6`n кO 0(`o Б*Then, core collapses р ч БSupernova!HHт┬6 [⌡Yes HHт┬lЪПXZZ┤*ThяАьdя5liLeftdр6Right/dс7li Reference.dтуD dутжSanredжувVfNudвжYn a ╠ ▓BngФf≥ aЩBody. Фf≥ bЩ+ Bulleted╔\t. rgФf≥ cЩCellBody. Фf≥ dЩCellHeading. Фf≥ e Щh Footnote. liФf≥ fTЩ Heading1Body. Фf≥ gTЩ Heading2Body. Фf≥ hTЩ HeadingRunInBody. Фf≥ iЩl yIndented. Фf≥ jЩg Numbered.\t. Фf≥ kEЩi Numbered1.\tNumbered. Фf≥ l Щf TableFootnote. Фf≥ mTЩ TableTitleT:Table : . Фf≥ nPЩ TitleBody. Фf≥ o гTЩ TableTitleT:Table : . Фf≥ p хЩCellHeading≥. Фf≥ q хЩCellBody. Фf≥ r хЩCellFooting. Фf≥ s хЩBody. ю@ t и ЙтlHeader. ю@ u и blЙтaFooter. Фf≥ v кЩBody. Фf≥ w лЩ Body. Фf≥ x н Ъ Body. Фf≥ y я Body. $Фf≥ z у Body. $─Фf≥ { у Body. $Фf≥ | у Body. HФf≥ } у Body. ─Фf≥ ~ ь Body. Фf≥ Б Body. Фf≥ ─ э$Ъ Body. Фf≥ │ кЩBody. Фf≥ ┌ ч Body. Фf≥ ┐ о$Щ Body. Фf≥ └ ыЪ Body. HФf≥ ┘ ъЪBody. Фf≥ ├ лЩ Body. Фf≥ ┤ кЩl..Body. Фf≥ ┬ кЩ.Body. Фf≥ ┴ кЩH.Body. Фf≥ ┼ лЩ l..yBody. $Фf≥ ▀ кЩl.. .Body. $Фf≥ ▄ кЩ.Body. HФf≥ █ кЩ. l..Body. HФf≥ ▌ кЩ.Body. lФf≥ ▐ кЩl..Body. Фf≥ ░ кЩH.Є.Body. Фf≥ ▒ Г Body. Фf≥ ⌠ э$Ъ Body. Фf≥ ■ щ Body. Фf≥ ∙ ч ░.Body. Фf≥ √ ч l...Body. $Фf≥ ≈ ъЪ.Body. HФf≥ ≤ ъЪl..yBody. Фf≥ ≥ у Body. $Фf≥ ъЪl.. .Body. lHФf≥ ⌡ у Body. uФf≥ ° Ф .l.y.Body. Фf≥ ² Г l.. .Body. lHФf≥ · кЩBody. llФf≥ ÷ кЩBody. llФf≥ ═ у Body. HФf≥ ║ кЩBody. HФf≥ ╒ ыЪ Body. Фf≥ ё Б Body. е У й#─ еЩ Emphasis─ фЩ EquationVariables· к)уч гЩ Зз²э хЩ Зз²э иЗз²э кЩ)уч лЩ ·[ мЩ )уч нЪ $)уч оЩ tu· я wг р wг сЩwг тЩЗз²э у Зз²э ж wг в tu· ь )уч ыЪ Зз²э зЩЗз²э ш $)уч эЪ tu· щ )уч ч Зз²э ъЪwг ЮЪЗз²э АЪЗз²э Б Зз²э ЦЩwг ДЪtu· ЕЪtu· Ф Зз²э Г Зз²э Х wг И ≥╘÷≥э Щ⌡Щ─°Щ─²Щ·Щ █ ² ▓─ █ЩThin ▌ЩMedium─ ▐ЩЩDouble ░ЩThickэ@ ▒Щ Very Thin Я Я Р █ █ █ █ █ █ █ █ █ ▐ oЩЩЩH p q rH p q rH p q rH p q rH p q rFormat A С █ ▌ █ █ █ █ █ ▌ oЩЩЩH p q rH p q rH p q rH p q rH p q rFormat BUeVUЪComment·Щ d ЩBlackT!ЧWhiteddAЪ²эReddd│ Greendd Blued Cyand Magentad Yellow╧и╨Times-Roman² Times-BoldTimes-ItalicHelvetica-BoldSymbolSymbolTimes HelveticaЩSymbol Regular▒Regulary BoldRegularItalic═Y~╟ЕїГ<≈LDc▓▐╘hA@Ў┤еT╨iЦж╚_I╩BV\МGQ©ўі#}-oҐьЁ~╣╣Ы)°└єЩ╔⌡6АеъC1ЯХДCПs╒Зў.█░щ╦ ┬qEН-╪, ї