Aan']  HH $ @d HHHHff@  d/ Footnote TableFootnotei*s*.\tt.\t/ - :;,.!?g1`7(`BoReTOCHeading1Heading2  EquationVariables   O Q AaVA<$lastpagenum>B<$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year>C"<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear>D;<$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year> <$hour>:<$minute00> <$ampm>E"<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear>F<$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year>kFiG"<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear>H <$fullfilename>I <$filename>J <$paratext[Title]>K <$paratext[Heading1]>HL <$curpagenum>M <$marker1>N <$marker2>O (Continued)P+ (Sheet <$tblsheetnum> of <$tblsheetcount>)QHeading & Page <$paratext> on page<$pagenum>RPagepage<$pagenum>SSee Heading & Page%See <$paratext> on page<$pagenum>.`T Table All7Table<$paranumonly>, <$paratext>, on page<$pagenum>UTable Number & Page 'Table<$paranumonly> on page<$pagenum>~~AAA$5h55oe>56 > 5|7i> 58"59/um5:a ;n$d5y<eFi6g=o>/5>$ea5?fi5@ 5A 5Bele5Cte5D]5Eg5Fa5Ga5Hod)5I+t 5Ju<$5Kn5Lnge xMx p Nu5Oeen5PHe6hQe<5R e5S6[Te6\Ul$p6]Vo<6fWTa6^X&'6_Yay>6`Zp>6a[6k\~6l]6m^6n_6o`6pa6qb6rc6d6se6xf6g$6yh6zi6{j .k /l6m6n6o6p6q6r6s6t6u6v6w6x6y 0z 1{ 2| 3} 4~ 5 6 7 8 9 : ; <  = > ? @ A B               Mz[6{dqM~6dqN6NzN5OvPPw6v'2?5PO/DNv'2?*'propto[times[char[L],char[G],char[P]],times[char[pi],indexes[1,0,id[over[char[d],num[2.00000000,"2"]]],num[2.00000000,"2"]]],indexes[1,0,char[d],num[2.00000000,"2"]]]H6f`5Q|'Rb} kVffҮM HRSQSUn-<Vffqi{}b|e~wVf{wftfmZdfkZ%r(3Vffrp`ҭM JSRTQRTU t8`X] uzxd8 rp`8y2`|)`+bM~l~pNjuSb|eUv6 TSUQSUuSb|eUvn-<VffY6UTVQn-<VffYRT2ff 6HVUWQMz2ff Dff-6IWVXQDff-6?;ffq PXWYQ?;ffq?Mff;ff?Mff  RYXZQ?Mff 6?Mff_hff)ff1&|6OZY[Q N)ff1&|9bM9bMqMIN[c?Vff U[Z\Qx[1?Vff],n[2?qff?VffH"NI B6Q\[]Q n[2H"NI BH)ffH)ffd?)ff X]\^Q?)ffҮM?)ff?Dff)ff6U^]_Q}|e)ff66)ffZ_ff6W_^`QRUDff66_ff 1fIt6X`_aQ Nj 1fIt ff ff Telescope: vkMt6Ya`bQ V vkMt  Diameter d\(6ZbaQ f\(  Observing wavelength lH$ 5cM H$  ?Mff~ RUUd6 fHUa 5dM &|HUa  9bMqUUd8 UHH5zeM n[2HH NIQNId< H$ 5fN H$  M_UU`9 HUa 5gN 6WHUa  U1UU`: HH5}hN TeHH t Vtd7et ddqifju H3R `@qjki H3R `@H RH RFootnoteHq3@ `@qkjli Hq3@ `@HzHz Single LineH'qlkniammFootnote  oml8     H3D `@qnloi H3D `@HH Double LineH qonripq Double Line spqo_`9 uqpoaH qroti:ss5} Single Line xsrHZqtruiq TableFootnoteEGVR `@quti kEGVR `@EPwEPw TableFootnoteod5pvHH5wv HHhaOO `5 Telescopes 7 `= Q`>%Observing electromagnetic radiation: n`?`@, Light, including infrared and ultraviolet `@r Radio, including microwave `Ale( X-ray and g-ray (space-based) `B `CMain functions of telescopes: `Da4 Light Gathering Power   E*Proportional to area of circular aperture * HEwith diameter d: `F x `G4 Magnification `H(Spread the image out over larger area. q`IMatch to detector technology.  `J &`KP Resolution wC`LR$Separate images of distant objects. ``MSeveral considerations ... Hd5xHH5yx HHfsc > `Nne Diffraction ;``@ X`nf/Resolution limited by aperture and wavelength. adiu hwa  `  a`y / Image of distant object contained within 5`ct sZ ` q l/d ad6|E ociHH6}| dmeHH_`GQQic `Resolving Power o7 `Oa. Q`P(Want to see two distinct images for two n`Qdistinct astronomical objects. C`R a f` Snt6What is the minimum separation angle qMIN f`@S,that allows a telescope to tell them apart? f` hT f``U f` f``V(qMIN=l/d (in radians)  `W >`X(1 radian = 180/p = 57.3 degrees `@:`Y!1 degree = 60 minutes () of arc eW`Zdi"1 minute = 60 seconds () of arc H$  ~MagH$ lcc sHUa  ~MHUa ldd oHH M dHHleeQQH$  NelvH$ lfft tHUa  NHUa lggHH NuseHHlhhlowHH vHHlww(qHH xHHlyy =HH |r =HHl}}ecod HH   sHH4f` HUa `[The Atmosphere H;`\Enemy of the astronomer! X`] u`^Makes images blurry `_  `(Thermal convection causes light rays to @`Uabend in random fasion  a( Cant achieve diffraction limit @aresolving power ! #`bu e@`c#Example: Hale 5m (200 inch) ]`dtelescope on Mt. Palomar z f``e"qMIN  1 is typical f``f f``g f``h"Absorbs electromagnetic radiation f``i = f` j +Only visible light and radio make it all ,f`@jthe way to the ground. HH HHld CHH D eHHEnX  `s Image Recording Instruments _;`m `X`nec)Want something better than your eyeball: `u`oom$ Collect more light (see homework) n`pti$ Reference data for later analysis lv`q `rFilm or CCDs? mpl`s20( Film is cheap and has high resolution e `t! 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