Aad  HH $ @dHHHHff@d Footnote TableFootnote**.\t.\t/ - :;,.!?:]& _{TOCHeadingHeading2   EquationVariables6-=/-.<$lastpagenum><$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year>"<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear>;<$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year> <$hour>:<$minute00> <$ampm>"<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear><$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year>"<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear>J <$fullfilename>H <$filename> <$paratext[Title]>  <$paratext[Heading1]>  <$curpagenum>H <$marker1>@ <$marker2> (Continued)+ (Sheet <$tblsheetnum> of <$tblsheetcount>)Heading & Page <$paratext> on page<$pagenum>noPagepage<$pagenum>See Heading & Page%See <$paratext> on page<$pagenum>. Table & Page7Table<$paranumonly>, <$paratext>, on page<$pagenum> Table All7Table<$paranumonly>, <$paratext>, on page<$pagenum>Table Number & Page'Table<$paranumonly> on page<$pagenum>l l -l Aal me>$dl thn>/l ;Aol $hoA:ek<(de%(ef#n(fg&$(gh'(hi#>(jj-e(il$om.mn.Jo.ip. q. r.Ts.t.iu. v.w.rx.ay. z.{.b|.$}.~. .x.a .a .n .e .e . .u. .$.<. ...u.t.<..&.$. .... .!.".#.$.%.&.d'...#n/.#  d(k Io d(l I (j-H$ (m K H$ UU`l THw (n K .Hw .UUhe Page # HH(o K HHaUU`f| H$ (p K H$ UU`g .Hw (q K Hw UUhh.Page 4 &HH(r K .HH.UU`i| d(s I %.H3R `@(t K .H3R `@H RH R~FootnoteHq3@ `@(u K Hq3@ `@HzHz~ Single LineH'(v J  Footnote   L   `l   H3D `@(x M H3D `@HH~ Double LineheH (y J  Double Line N U$ N H (| J  Single Line N 4HZ(~ J  TableFootnoteEGVR `@( J EGVR `@EPwEPw~ TableFootnotetd( I HH( K HH `j$MMLAW Discussion Question `  2`HYPERMEDIA LINKS G`ml QUESTION #1 \ n`@]You purchase a hypermedia program that allows you to create your own links to information in qn_the database. You create some links and decide to send copies of the links to several of your @nCcolleagues. Which of the following copyright issues are involved:  oaA) The links are similar to bibliographic references, and there is no copyright infringement if @oHyou create links in the program and distribute copies of the new links. (~ p^B) Creating new links in the document is a copyright infringement because you are creating a pw`derivative work, and only copyright holders have the right to create derivative works. You can p Kacreate links for your own use but cannot distribute them without the permission of the copyright @pioholder. `q .`rRM DISCUSSION GC`sQThe current copyright law does not provide a definitive answer to this question. X t l`If the links comprise a separate "link document" that does not copy any of the original program enmtnk\or database, it is probably not an infringement. The links are like any other reference to su@t+bibliographic materials (Samuelson, 1992). ar  uef]If several people create links to references as part of the development of the program, each huri`contributor would be an author and own the copyright to the program. In the scenario described countcabove, the links are created by the users in the finished program. In this case, if the links are e ruiv[integrated into the hypermedia program, it is possible that they could be interpreted as a butu p]derivative form of expression based on the original work. Since the copyright holder of the uONZprogram is the only one who has the authority to create derivative works, the links would @u%constitute a copyright infringement. * voc_Future revisions of the copyright law should address these issues so that hypermedia designers pro?@vngEhave some guidelines to follow as they develop interactive programs. T`wte What do you think? ).i`xuEHow should hypertext links be defined in terms of the copyright law? o~`yam ad( I heopHH) K cHH  a`zus QUESTION #2 s {hiaYou want to create a hypermedia program on the Internet that creates links to research papers on s2{ld\molecular biology from all over the world. By following these links, the user can directly naG@{ c1access the papers. You should do the following: a\`|GA) Get permission from the copyright holders to link to their papers. q`}teGB) Pay the copyright holders licensing fees to link to their papers. co ~ aRC) Consider the links comparable to bibliographic references, in which case no @~ow'permission or licensing fee is needed. T` W ` DISCUSSION u`teSOnce again, the answer to this question is the subject of considerable discussion. d _Hypermedia programs that link to other references are not the same as bibliographic references bbecause they allow the user to access the actual document. Whether or not these links constitute @nt:"fair use" of the copyrightable material is under debate. . r `Commercial interests are at stake because hundreds of thousands of people can access references {Cap`via links on the Internet. With these links, the users do not need to purchase the references; ldXirVhence, the links could harm the market for the copyrighted work and therefore, not be m@coconsidered "fair use."

si arZOn the other hand, if it becomes too cumbersome and expensive for hypermedia designers to d.aprovide links to existing works, authors' works may not circulate as widely, and potential users h@ue(may be deprived of access to the works. ss bMany experts feel that the best way to deal with this situation is to provide an efficient way to ^compensate the authors for the use of their work. Such a system already exists in the music Yindustry. ASCAP (American Society for Composers, Authors, and Publishers), for example, @es"grants licenses to perform music.  e VOther forms of royalty systems are under discussion. Ted Nelson (who coined the term *ot^"hypertext" in the 1960s) has proposed a publishing and royalty model for documents linked on ?ed[the Internet (Nelson, 1994). The user would pay on a "per-byte" basis for all information T h^accessed via networked documents. The user could pay for small portions of a document or pay i ebfor the use of the whole document. The publisher determines the royalty fee. In addition to the ~@ofUpublisher's fee, the user would pay a fee to the service that delivers the document. ad+ Ic   HH,  K HH th` What do you think? SC ty^Do you have any suggestions for an Internet publishing system that would give users access to 2@Aonline information and at the same time, compensate the authors? oG`o  n\`| QUESTION #3 "hq 96]You are on the publication staff for a computer graphics conference, and you are producing a h, \hardcopy and a CD-ROM version of the conference proceedings. Both proceedings will include aced^all of the papers presented at the conference. As you work on the CD-ROM version, you decide hoeto edit the text into shorter sections so the papers are easier to read on the computer screen. You sr calso decide to take the illustrations out of the body of the text and put them into separate files cdthat are accessible by selecting specific words (hotwords) in the text. In order to publish the CD-@ W+ROM version of the proceedings, you should you onRA) Obtain written permission from the authors of the papers to reproduce their ma]work in the hardcopy proceedings. The same permission will cover the CD-ROM version of the |.@4proceedings since the CD-ROM is a derivative work. aC  cPB) Obtain written permission from the authors to reproduce the papers in the rsX@nc5hardcopy and the CD-ROM versions of the proceedings. m ofNC) Obtain written permission from the copyright holders of the text and the \illustrations to publish their work in a hypermedia format on CD-ROM, specifically seeking te@Kpermission to shorten the work and modify the arrangement of information. e t`nt e` DISCUSSION `blThe safest answer is C. rd e ZThe truncating of text or images for hypermedia publication may result in an unauthorized Uderivative work. Not only is copyright permission needed to reproduce the work in a c`publication, but the copyright permission or license agreement should also specify how the work t*@will be edited. si?  a[This position was stated by the court in WGN Continental Broadcasting Co. v. United Video, repT@ i693 F.2d 622 (7th Cir. 1982): i RO_A copyright licensee who "makes an unauthorized use of the underlying work by publishing it in rig~teca truncated version" is an infringer--any "unauthorized editing of the underlying work, if proven, OM,d0  I   n e HH1  K  tHH bwould constitute an infringement of the copyright in that work similar to any other use of a work @puGthat exceeded the license granted by the proprietor of the copyright." wor2`py What do you think? d G or^Does editing material for hypermedia publications change the meaning of the work? Should the \@ow(author have control over these changes? edq` `n REFERENCES th ti\Berk, E. and Devlin, J (Eds.). 1991. Hypertext/Hypermedia Handbook. New York: Intertext : @RO0Publications, McGraw-Hill. ON LIBRARY RESERVE. us g `Information Infrastructure Task Force (B. Lehman, Chair). 1994. Intellectual property and the hohe`National Information Infrastructure: A preliminary draft of the report of the Working Group on n aIntellectual Property Rights (Green Paper). Washington, D.C. Available on the Internet: http://o@in%www.uspto.gov/text/pto/nii/ipwg.html k heYLange, D. 1992. At play in the fields of the word: Copyright and the constructions of f.orZauthorship in the post-literate millennium. Law and Contemporary Problems 55, no. 2: 139-C@ti152. ON LIBRARY RESERVE. X e [Nelson, T. 1994. A publishing and royalty model for networked documents. In Interactive mRE_Multimedia Association Intellectual Property Project Proceedings. Annapolis, MD: Interactive k. @ex-Multimedia Association. ON LIBRARY RESERVE. H ES]Samuelson, P. 1994. Copyright's fair use doctrine and digital data. Communications of the @rt,ACM 37, no. 1: 21-27. ON LIBRARY RESERVE. or urWSamuelson, P. 1992. Some new kinds of authorship made possible by computers and some ellghaintellectual property questions they raise. University of Pittsburgh Law Review 53, no. 3: 685-s@ii704. ON LIBRARY RESERVE. `99QWGN Continental Broadcasting Co. v. United Video, 693 F.2d 622 (7th Cir. 1982). d e Leftd  aRighteord : Referenced RAd d  pd l 1( nHol nt c.    hMu mss aBody.    H t37 o21 . IB YhVE r Bulleted\tP. f  CellBody. f 9 CellHeading . f aor Footnote. fT  Heading1Body. fT   Heading2Body. P  H      h  t HeadingRunInBody.  H     h e Indented.  n H     h  Numbered.\t. A  H    He nh .  Numbered1.\tNumbered. f  TableFootnote. fT   TableTitleT:Table : .  @P  TitleBody. fxT   TableTitleT:Table : . f u u CellHeading>. f!u CellBody. f"u  CellFooting. #| H  f   h  Body. @$   Header. @%   Footer. Ta@&   Header. in@'  Ce oFooter. -  eH .     h  Body. . H .     h@  Body. uv zVu  x  z  Emphasis{  EquationVariables _|  ~   zV    eer zV  I Y O I J K L r M  N =MB= Thin> Medium? HDouble@ Thick@A  Very Thin =>=====> H !"H !"H !" H !"H !"Format B =========? H !"H !"H !"H !"H !"Format A Comment(_-(b. d  BlackT! WhiteddA Reddd Greendd  Blued Cyand Magentad YellowCourier Times-Roman Times-Bold Courier-BoldHelvetica-BoldCourierTimese Helvetica? Regularb Regular BoldRegularAOblique Italic,°MotQ< ND!z;FjՙU&(W S`N5 .XRx=n>*}fBηW