Flow in Pipes

Two equations widely used in water supply engineering for flow through full pipes are the Hazen-Williams and Manning formulas, as shown below:

Nomographs for the above equations are widely used in determining flow through pipes because they are easier to use. However, these equations can only be used for full, circular pipes. Flow through partially filled or non-circular pipes can also be determined from these equations/nomographs, by first determining an equivalent full circular pipe.

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