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My approach to research is informed by formal methods. Indeed, my earliest work at ARI-Monterey attempted to provide a semi-formal notation for guiding the implementation of training programs (Gray, 1986). My work at CMU (Gray & Anderson, 1987; Gray et al., 1988) depended on the development of a goal-structure hierarchy. At NYNEX I mastered CPM-GOMS (e.g., Gray, et al., 1992; 1993) as well as the then current production system language for writing tutoring systems. In 1993 I became a devotee of ACT-R and have followed its development closely. Although ACT-R remains my favorite cognitive architecture, in recent years our research has run into limits of ACT-R with the result that we have joined the many researchers who are attempting to build the next generation "ACT-R" (their number is legion and includes Anderson himself). Recent efforts have turned towards mathematical modeling with Erik Altmann, Bayesian modeling with Wai-Tat Fu, Reinforcement Learning with Chris Sims, and many attempts to understanding the task environment better by formally asking "what is the best performance possible" in a given task environment (see the work with Hans Neth).
Many tutorials, including:
Gray, W. D., & Boehm-Davis, D. A. (2000). Cognitive analysis of dynamic performance: Cognitive process analysis and modeling. Workshop conducted at the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, San Diego, CA.
Gray, W. D., John, B. E., Kieras, D. E., & Boehm-Davis, D. A. (1999). Free GOMS: An overview of GOMS: A family of techniques for interface design and evaluation. Workshop conducted prior to CHIí99. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.
John, B. E., & Gray, W. D. (1992). GOMS analysis for parallel activities, Tutorial presented at the ACM CHI '92 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Monterey, CA.
And a few papers, including:
Gray, W. D., & Boehm-Davis, D. A. (2000). Milliseconds Matter: An introduction to microstrategies and to their use in describing and predicting interactive behavior. Journal of Experiment Psychology: Applied, 6(4), 322-335.
Gray, W. D., John, B. E., & Atwood, M. E. (1993). Project Ernestine: Validating GOMS for predicting and explaining real-world task performance. Human Computer Interaction., 8(3), 237-309.
Best non-GOMS example of this is
Examples include:
Altmann, E. M., & Gray, W. D. (2000). An integrated model of set shifting and maintenance. In N. Taatgen & J. Aasman (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cognitive Modeling (pp. 17-24). Veenendal, NL: Universal Press.
Gray, W. D. (2000). The nature and processing of errors in interactive behavior. Cognitive Science, 24(2), 205-248.
Gray, W. D., Schoelles, M. J., & Fu, W.-t. (2000). Modeling a continuous dynamic task. In N. Taatgen & J. Aasman (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cognitive Modeling (pp. 158-168). Veenendal, The Netherlands: Universal Press.
Gray, W. D., Schoelles, M. J., & Sims, C. R. (2005). Adapting to the task environment: Explorations in expected value. Cognitive Systems Research, 6(1), 27-40.
Examples include:
Altmann, E. M., & Gray, W. D. (2002). Forgetting to remember: The functional relationship of decay and interference. Psychological Science, 13(1), 27–33.
Fu, W.-T., & Gray, W. D. (2006). Suboptimal tradeoffs in information seeking. Cognitive Psychology, 52(3), 195-242.
Gray, W. D., Sims, C. R., Fu, W.-T., & Schoelles, M. J. (2006). The soft constraints hypothesis: A rational analysis approach to resource allocation for interactive behavior. Psychological Review, 113(3), 461-482.
Neth, H., Sims, C. R., & Gray, W. D. (2006). Melioration Dominates Maximization: Stable Suboptimal Performance Despite Global Feedback, Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 627-632).
Neth, H., Sims, C. R., Veksler, V. D., & Gray, W. D. (2004). You can't play straight TRACS and win: Memory updates in a dynamic task environment. In K. D. Forbus, D. Gentner & T. Regier (Eds.), 26th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, CogSci2004 (pp. 1017-1022). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Publisher.
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